The charges you see on your bill are taxes from the local jurisdiction for 911 service. What enables dispatchers to locate where you're calling from is called the E911 system. It requires an advanced version of this system to be able to read locations from cell phones. Not all jurisdictions have that functionality and it really depends where you are.
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Most places are equipped with E911 services, but I read on a website for a Canadian police department that in Canada they can't get any information from your cellphone when you call 911. Including the phone number. Now with the systems it will first pop up with the cell tower location and the phone number and all that, but then you rebid one or two times and the exact location SHOULD pop up if the system is working properly and your phone service is equipped with WPH2 (wireless phase 2) which I think most are.....