Terminology:
- A: Amp - measure of current.
- mA: milliamp - measure of current. One thousandth of an amp.
- mAh - measure of power output over time, specifically the number of milliamps that a power storage device (typically battery) will provide for one hour.
In short: mAh does not apply to chargers, only batteries, as chargers will theoretically continue to provide their rated power output forever as long as they have input power.
Not necessarily. The USB standard includes a protocol for a USB device to communicate to (actually "negotiate" with) a USB host its power requirements. If one of the two following events occurs, a compliant USB host is supposed to shut down its power output on that port to prevent current draw beyond the capacity of the individual port, or beyond the capacity of all currently connected ports:
- Device communicates with host that it requires power in excess of 500mA, or beyond the total capacity of the host, considering all other currently-connected ports.
- Device attempts to draw power in excess of 500mA, or beyond the total capacity of the host, considering all other currently-connected ports.
The 500mA figure applies to all USB ports prior to USB 3.0. In the case of USB 3.0, the maximum power-output per-port is 900 mA. If a port does not have any data communication function, the limits can be higher.
In short: it's possible that if a device with a high power requirement is plugged into a power-source or port which cannot supply its required current, the port or charger will either reduce its voltage to stay within its own current limit, or completely shut off power to the connected device.
I have a feeling that many inexpensive USB chargers do not bother to include any of the USB power-negotiation features, so strange things could happen. In addition, poor-quality chargers may have poor voltage regulation, fail to meet their claimed voltage/power specifications, various other things. All of those things can affect charging.
Also, chargers are not necessarily "dumb" sources of electricity. They may in fact have several different modes, such as trickle-charging, that are activated depending on how the load is behaving at the time.
Not in all cases, as stated above.
FWIW: USB voltage is 5.0 volts nominal, at full power output the rated tolerance is +/- 5%: ie from 4.75v to 5.25 v.
You are correct that there are typically current limiting devices in both the charger and the charged device.
Universal Serial Bus [Section: Power] - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia